Academic English And Academic Language - 1753 Words

Abstract All students are Academic English Learners. Academic Language is not a common natural language that we use in our daily conversations or routines. It is something we acquire step by step through the learning process. However, in the case of English Language Learners, it is more complex that students use academic language they learn or are learning because they most likely use L1 at home and they probably do not have the opportunities to practice them at home, which will make ELLs take occasionally longer to grasps these words. This is the reason why Academic English needs to be systematically taught. What Evidence Based Models Engage Students to Use Academic Language Information What do we consider Academic†¦show more content†¦While the term is most commonly applied to language-specific skills, competency in academic language also bleeds into a wide variety of related non-linguistic skills that are difficult or impossible to separate out from language ability, including foundational academic skills (organizing, planning, researching), cognitive skills (critical thinking, problem solving, interpreting, analyzing, memorizing, recalling), learning modes (questioning, discussing, observing, theorizing, experimenting), and work habits (persistence, self-discipline, curiosity, conscientiousness, responsibility), in addition to other forms of literacy required to succeed in modern schools, such as technological literacy, online literacy, media literary, or multicultural literacy, among others. In the United States, the term is often applied to English-language learners who need to develop English proficiency concurrently with academic language to succeed in schools where English is the primary language of instruction. All students, however, need to acquire academic language to thrive and succeed in academic settings, particularly students with cognitive or developmental delays, students who may live in unsupportive, dysfunctional, or unstable environments, and children from high-poverty, low-education, and otherwise disadvantaged backgrounds who enter school without basic language and literacy skills. By the time they begin school, mostShow MoreRelatedThe Academic Achievement Gaps Between Ell Students And Native English Language Learners1241 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to (),â€Å"English language learners face many obstacles when reading literature in English. Most literature is culture bound. We expect students to have prior knowledge of literary genres such as fair y tales, myths, legends, and tall tales. If the teacher has not activated prior knowledge or built background information, knowing the vocabulary will not solve the problem. ELLs may be able to read the words but it doesn t mean they will understand the text. They are not aware of informationRead MoreMyth Of Academic Writing1257 Words   |  6 PagesAcademic writing can be puzzling. Ostensibly, it is still part of the English language, yet it often sounds so foreign in both vocabulary and style that it has to be learnt by even those most proficient at English, as though it is a distinct language. Indeed, this steep learning curve is one that college students like myself have to confront in our first year in college as we step into the world of academic writing. The journey is not necessary smooth, however, for there are various myths that formRead MoreBilingual Scholars Academic Writing Competency1312 Words   |  6 PagesWhile most studies on academic biliteracy have focused on multilingual scholars’ academic writing competency, only a few investigates undergraduate and graduate students’ attitudes toward research and their difficulties in second language writing. Gentil and Seror (2014) use their self-case studies to share their experience in acquiring both first and second language literacy with a view to drawing implication on language policy and language instruction in the Canadian context. In this journal, basedRead MoreEnglish As A Second Language Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Academic English as a Second Language When I started searching about topics that are related to Academic English I came up with the features of Academic English but this was a general topic so I looked for other topics. I searched on google about other topics, such as the importance of Academic English. I noticed a website that is about the importance of Academic English for non-native speakers. That really interested me because it is a personal topic since English is my second language. My initialRead MoreRoles And Impact Of Of Academic Listening Skills1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe roles and impacts of Academic listening skills on EAL international students in New Zealand Colleges and Universities (B) The continuous increase in the number of international students mostly from non-native English speaking countries such as China, Iran, Malaysia and India, travelling to study in New Zealand is alarming. There is a growing concern on which components of academic language skills English as an additional language (EAL) international students will require for studies, as the mediumRead MoreProfessional Development For Teachers With English Language Learners837 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers that promotes English language acquisition and literacy proficiency for English language learners is the cornerstone of literacy reform in the United States. In this assignment, I define teacher knowledge. I then identify three areas of professional development that, by increasing teacher knowledge, would translate to increased learning gains for English language learners. Teacher Knowledge Carlisle, Kelcey, Rowan, and Phelps (2011) distinguished between teacher academic knowledge and teacherRead MoreWomen And Instructional Practices Impacted Academic Success Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy explored the challenges that Griselda, a young Spanish-speaking recent newcomer from Puerto Rico, faced in her schooling journey as she adapted to a U.S. school. This study also explored how schooling and instructional practices impacted her academic success. These two areas of study guided this research. Another critical facet was examining Griselda’s parent values and believes about her daughter’s education. In this chapter a discussion of the findings will be outlined. The data were generatedRead MoreLetter Sample Essay1188 Words   |  5 PagesForeign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) and an additional interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. I completed my dissertation oral defend in June and will officially graduate in this early August 2017. I look forward to contributing to your department by conducting collaborative research projects investigating international students’ academic acculturation, by helping integrate technologies into K-12 English teaching, and by leading campusRead MoreExplain The Differences Between Bics And Calp1081 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction in second language acquisition. 3. What is the role of a student’s primary language proficiency in second language acquisition? 4. Define Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE). Explain the goals and objectives and instruction features of this framework. (10 points) 5. Briefly describe the difference between informal and formal assessments. What are the advantages/disadvantages of each? 6. Pick one of the activities under the heading â€Å"Promoting Oral Language Development inRead MoreVisiting Assistant Professor Of Teaching English1296 Words   |  6 Pagesto apply for the position of Visiting Assistant Professor of Teaching English as a Second/Foreign Language in the Language, Literacy, and Leadership Department at Webster University. I hold a doctor of philosophy in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. Moreover, I have experience in teaching EFL and ESL learners English. I am confident that my educational background and teaching experience

The New Woman - 848 Words

Fashion is an art that has influence mankind throughout human history, and it has played an important role in shaping society. Beauty has always been a motive for men to do something radical for women in order to be noticed. Both beauty and fashion have always been key elements to an artist’s paintings and other works. Fashion has always changed throughout history and it will continue to do so as long as people continue to live on the earth. Humans possess certain characteristics that separate them from animals, and clothing is one of those features. Clothing has kept mankind warm through harsh winters, and cool during blistering summers. Basic clothing allowed people to advance further into the future, then they decided that clothing could be used to portray beauty. Women have always been considered to be submissive to men in every shape and form, but during World War I, women obtained a very important role in winning the war. While the men were overseas fighting the actual b attles, women stayed home supporting the war and their husbands or boyfriends that enlisted in the military, and they took the jobs that men would normally do. During the war, factories began manufacturing supplies that were necessary for combat, and since men were in combat, women decided to work in the factories to prove that they were capable of doing what was considered to be a man’s job. Before the end of World War I, women wore their long hair loosely on top of her head and wore a long straightShow MoreRelatedNew Woman Fictions2344 Words   |  9 Pagesappearance of the New Woman fictions. The Woman Question The Woman Question, relievo by Mary Wollstonecraft in her leaflet, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), effected the mid- and late Victorian feminists. In the 1850s, Harriet Martineau prolonged forcibly the Woman Question discussion in her polemical writings. She advised upper class women to obtain a real teaching and occupation in order to make themselves economically free. Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna distribute with the Woman Question inRead MoreDracula and the New Woman849 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Dracula and the New Woman Stoker emphasises the threat of the ‘New Woman’ through constant mentioning of their dress and appearance; he does this to emphasis the contrast between the ‘New Woman’ and the traditional women. In the chapter where Jonathan is approached by the 3 woman vampires, who represent the dreaded ‘New Woman’ the language used to describe the women is very critical. He refers to them as â€Å"ladies by their dress and manner† stating them to be effeminate and vulgar and this makesRead MoreWomen : The New Woman1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe New Woman As of 1914, women were seen as inferior to men. Over the years, women have been able to prove that they excel at their work and more often than not, work more effectively than men. Despite the capabilities of women, some would argue that women are still not given the same consideration as men, as women are still told that they cannot do something, simply because of gender. Regardless, women have come a long way since the beginning of the feminist movement. During the interwar yearsRead MoreSecrets Of The New Woman Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesSecrets of the New Woman Upon reading the 1998 short story â€Å"Parties Unknown by the Jury; or, The Valour of My Tongue† by Patricia McEvoy Carlson, I found myself engrossed in the mystery surrounding the protagonist Bridget Mooney and her stop in Memphis. With each unexpected turn, history was unraveled and familiar figures such as feminist and Civil Rights Activist Ida B. Wells came to life. Carlson was able to capture true American history in an entertaining fashion with this fictional short storyRead MoreFeminism : The New Woman934 Words   |  4 Pages The â€Å"New Woman† refers to a category of women, beginning in the late 19th century, who adopted feminist ideals, wishing to break gender roles and gain independence from and equality with men (Newton, 560-61). While not one specific, real person, the â€Å"New Woman† is an overarching term that encompasses the many women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The first generation of these women strove for economic and social autonomy with roles separate from the home and family spheres ofRead MoreDracula And The New Woman1992 Words   |  8 Pagesthe New Woman In the Victorian era, women were viewed as subordinate to men. They often had one job: reproduction. They would become housewives and cater to their husband and children’s needs. As the era progressed, so did the role of women. The once shy women were now changing into courageous and outspoken members of society. These women were open about their sexuality and embraced their intelligence. This new found independence was a turning moment in history and was given the name the â€Å"New WomanRead MoreThe Rise Of The New Woman2564 Words   |  11 Pages The Rise of the â€Å"New Woman† By Bethlehem Suraphel United States History HP Woodward Academy May 1, 2015 Bethlehem Suraphel Zaring US History HP 1 May 2015 The Evolution of the â€Å"New Woman† On August 18, 1920, women gained a new freedom that would change their role in society forever. This new freedom was the right to vote. Suffrage along with the first World War opened the door for women who were previously considered to onlyRead MoreWoman And The New Race2076 Words   |  9 PagesWithin the literature of ‘Woman and the New Race’, Sanger challenges the extent of the use of birth control and questions whom it will benefit aside from women should it become available. According to Sanger, birth control itself, often denounced as a violation of natural law, is nothing more or less than the facilitation of the process of weeding out the unfit, of preventing the birth of defectives or of those who will become defective . For Sanger, â€Å"in compliance with nature’s working plan, weRead MoreThe Woman Behind the New Deal813 Words   |  3 Pages The first half of Kirstin Downeys book, The Woman Behind the New Deal chronologically explores the Frances Pe rkins life up until her early years as the Secretary of Labor under President Roosevelt. She was not only a vital labor advocate but a womans suffrage leader. Her up-bringing, education, influences, alliances, work history, and the changing world around her shaped her into an extraordinary person. She is an outstanding example of the â€Å"New Women† in the progressive era. She lived her lifeRead MoreNew Woman: A Failed Mother1205 Words   |  5 Pagesbarriers, but also perverts the image of an archetype mother to create a fear from the New Woman. He exposes failed motherhood through; three female vampires who sexually consume their child, Lucy who feeds off her children, and Count Dracula who taints the image of a mother perpetually to signify the dangers that a â€Å"New Woman† can bring to the society. Through three female vampires, Stoker draws out on the dangers of â€Å"New Women† by portraying them as perverted image of a mother. Instead of showing these

Business And Consumer E Commerce - 873 Words

What is Business to Consumer e-Commerce? Business to Consumer e-Commerce, also referred to as B2C, is the process of selling goods and services over the Internet rather than having a traditional brick and mortar outlet to sell such products. Businesses establish a website or electronic marketplace with multimedia catalogs, interactive order processing, protected electronic payment systems, while also offering online customer support which allow consumers to shop and purchase items in confidence (Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-to-consumer-e-commerce.htm). What are the types of Business to Consumer e-Commerce? There are different categories of B2C companies including direct sellers, online intermediaries, advertising-based models, community-based models, and fee-based models. Each type is quite different from the other. Business may also mix each type of model given that each has unique characteristics and benefits to both the business and the consumer (Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/explain-business-consumer-model-2258.html). 1. Direct Sellers: This is a type of B2C model in which an online retailer sells a product directly to the consumer. Direct sellers can also be sub-categorized into e-tailers and manufacturers. E-tailers ship products either from their own warehouse or from other companies. Manufacturers sell their products using the Internet to eliminate the middleman (Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedcustomer behaviour1489 Words   |  6 PagesAAP E-COM P 1st Introduction to E-Commerce What is Electronic Commerce? Commerce - The exchange of commodities, buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, from location to location is known as commerce. E-Commerce - From a communications perspective, e-commerce is the delivery of information, products/services or payments via telephone lines, Fax, computer networks or any other means. What is Electronic Commerce? From an online perspective, e-commerce providesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Commerce.1097 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The evolution of commerce Like human beings, business is also evolved over the time and is a never ending process. With all the advancements in the current day technologies, commerce is growing day by day. Commerce is all started with House hold economy, where people started hunting, agriculture and domestication of animals like cow, sheep etc. to feed their own families. Over the time, the number of family members increased and their needs. Own economy became insufficient for them toRead MoreE Commerce : Buying And Selling Of Products1148 Words   |  5 Pagesbusinesses and consumers through an electronic medium, without using any paper documents. E-commerce is widely considered the buying and selling of products over the internet, but any transaction that is completed solely through electronic measures can be considered e-commerce. E-commerce is subdivided into three categories: business to business or B2B (Cisco), business to consumer or B2C (Amazon), and consumer to consumer or C2C (eBay). also called electronic commerce. The e-commerce business was boomingRead MoreImpact Of E Commerce On International Trade Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesE-COMMERCE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE MUKESHV.M , (MCom,MBA Finanace,MPhil) Assistant Professor In Commerce And Management Studies, Mar Osthastheos College (Affiliated To University Of Calicut) Perumpilavu,Kunnamkulam,Thrissur-680519Ph:04885 282000Mob:9895617021Email:Mukeshmurli640@Gmail.Com Abstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of E-Commerce on international trade . electronic commerce offers economy wide benefits to all countries. The gains are likely to be concentratedRead MoreE-commerce: Its Development and Future Prospective Essay659 Words   |  3 Pageshave a different story to tell with every dawn of a new day about a technological invention and/or innovation. Doing business has become competitive more than ever. This phenomenon has created a business environment that follows the clichà ©, the survival of the fittest. It is in this spirit that businesses have adopted technology to survive and remain relevant in the dynamic consumer environment. This is especially so because the world has become a global village where information, ideas and productsRead MoreE Commerce And Its Impact On Todays Economy1054 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In e-Commerce, your prices have to be better because the consumer has to take a leap of faith in your prod uct.† These were the words uttered by actor, producer, and investor, Ashton Kutcher. It is clear that what Ashton is saying is 100% factual, as it is essential to give customers the best shopping experience by providing with a well-rounded and most efficient website. However, in my paper I will be defining e-Commerce, discussing the types of e-commerce, an evolution of e-commerce and the impactRead MoreResearch Journals on One Way Anova Test785 Words   |  4 PagesE-Commerce Electronic commerce, commonly known as  e-commerce consists of the buying and selling of  products  or  services  over electronic systems such as the Internet and other  computer networks. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of  e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financingRead MoreEmerging Trends of E-Commerce1054 Words   |  4 PagesPROLOGUE What is E-commerce? The world is moving from the traditional economy that stressed on physical manufacturing of goods to the new economy which concentrates more on knowledge and information than anything. Electronic commerce or e-commerce is an important facet in this regard. E-commerce brings forth a tougher business competition, creation of new marketplaces, faster speed of transactions, and rapid growth in technologies. E-commerce can be generally understood as a terminology to denoteRead MoreThe Challenges of E-Commerce1403 Words   |  6 PagesThe Challenges of E-Commerce MKT552 The Challenges of E-Commerce Today’s business managers face many challenges when migrating a traditional ‘brick and mortar’ company to that which is now known as the evolutionary ‘click and mortar’ business model – that is, a business that operates in the Internet market space. To stand boldly in the face of challenges presented by the networked economy, firms must develop competencies that enable not only high performance market interactivity and adaptiveRead MoreForms and Classification of Online Business1729 Words   |  7 PagesForms and classification of online business According to (Adam, Z.R.), the major different types of e-commerce (B2B) Business-to Business, (B2C) Business-to-Consumer, (B2G) Business-to-Government, (C2C) Consumer-to-Consumer and M-commerce which is mobile commerce. Business-to-business is simply e-commerce that is present between two businesses. It is said that it is the fastest growing type of e-commerce, much faster than B2C. It is a type of e-commerce wherein two businesses transact with

Romeo And Juliet Various Types of Love Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet: Various Types of Love Essay Throughout the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet various types of love aredisplayed . Benvolio believes women are interchangeable, while, at thebeginning Romeo bel ieves love is pain. At the beginning Juliet does noteven have a definition of love. Pariss and Lady Capulets definition oflove is in appearance. It is obvio us that Shakespeare wants the audienceto believe that the only true or real love is the love that existsbetween Romeo and Juliet. The first type of love the audience is introducedto is the interchangeable lo ve of Benvolio. According to Benvolio, a manshould love a woman for only the duration of their relationship. If theirrelationship should end, the man should feel no grief. If the woman rejectsthe man initially, he should still feel no grief. In either situation, theman should simply start a relationship with anot her woman. Benvoliosdefinition of love shows the audience two things about Ben volio: he is awomanizer and he has never before experienced true love. The nextde finition of love comes from Romeo, but before the time he met Juliet. According to his definition, love (or, rather, not returned love) is pain. He h ides from the sun due to the love he feels, and does not act likehimself. I believe Romeo is both right and wrong: not returned love ispain, but Romeo doe s not truly love, as he is merely infatuated by awoman. The next definition of love comes from Juliet, who, before meetingRomeo, did no t even have a definition of love. She appears not to knowwhat love is, and, for that matter, does not seem to care. She remainsignorant until she meets Romeo. Another type of love we are exposed to during the same scene is the love of LadyCapulet. Lady Capulet believes love comes from appearance, both physical andpolitical, and has nothing to do with emotion. She shows this when she speaksfavorably of Pariss looks and his nobility. She also shows that she does not loveCapulet when she publicly denounces him. The Nurses opinion of love coincideswith that of Lady Capulet. Paris has a similar view of love. His love for Juliet appears to be pure, buthis reason does not. He loves Juliet for her appearance and nothing else. Heregards her more as property than as an individual. He is also selfish in his love.When he believes Juliet is dead (in Act IV) he seems sorrier for his own lossthan Juliets apparent loss. He loves Juliet as much as he can love anyone, buthis love cannot be considered true love because of his selfishness. Finally, in Act II, the audience sees what is defined as true love in our society. This love is the love that grows between Romeo and Juliet. The definitionof true love Shakespeare provides the audience with states that all the othercharacters definitions of love are wrong. It also states that when two peopleare in true love, there is no pain unless they are permanently separated. Itshows that lovers are not interchangeable, and that love transcends appearance. It proves all except one other love in the play wrong. It also shows that reallove is not affected by distance or convenience. When two people are in true lovethey are not selfish to one another, do not care about appearances, and cannotlive without one another. I agree with this definition of love (all except thatwithout one another the lovers cannot survive). .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b , .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .postImageUrl , .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b , .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:hover , .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:visited , .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:active { border:0!important; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:active , .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u70d20e1d440742acf56e43801584135b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: anti-matter EssayRomeo and Juliets love for one another also goes beyond one other thing: names. It shows that names do not matter. In our society the difference in names wouldbe equal to two people of different races. The people would come from racistfamilies in a modern day remake of the play. The last example of love in the play is parental love. This is shown in Act Vscene iii. Lady Montague dies due to separation from her son. Capulet, Montague,Lady Capulet, and even the Nurse shows that they love either Romeo or Juliet in this way. In the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet many types of love are shown. None of themare wrong, as the word love is subject to interpretation, but it is obvious thatShakespeare did not have this in mind when he wrote the play. Shakespeare showsus that the only type of love worth being in is true love. He also shows usthat, with all types of love, there is pain. If his goal was to influence theaudience to believe that the only real love is the type of love that existedbetween Romeo and Juliet, I believe he accomplished it.

Third-Eye Blind And Smashmouth free essay sample

Third-Eye Blind and SmashmouthYou should have been in Denver when Smashmouth opened for Third Eye Blind at the Ogden Theater. I only went for Third Eye Blind, but Smashmouth totally surprised me. Their flying guitars and upbeat sound kept the crowd dancing in the small auditorium. Everyone had an awesome time, all moving in time in a crowded mosh pit. It was as though everyone knew each other; we put new friends up to crowd surf, and picked up those who found the floor. The fast-paced music kept coming and soon everyone was soaking wet and tired. But the best was still to come.When Stephan Jenkins (lead singer) came out, all fatigue vanished. Once they busted out Losing a Whole Year, I was moving for the rest of the night. Their sound was just amazing. The driving, catchy riffs are reason enough for anyone to buy the album, but the pure emotion the songs had would have made you a fan for life. We will write a custom essay sample on Third-Eye Blind And Smashmouth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because their album was so amazing, they just went through their killer songs. They played everything from the catchy Semi-Charmed Life to my favorite, Motorcycle Drive-By. The crowd loved every minute. We sang along, the girls drooled, and everyone went away with a little more rock in them. The best aspect of the Ogden is its a small venue. You could be anywhere from the bar to the front row. While in the mosh pit, you could easily move across the theater before you knew it. If you ever have a chance to see Third Eye Blind, I highly recommend it. .Review by Nathanael Hansen, Colorado Springs, CO

Climate Change is the Biggest Global Health Threat of the 21st Century. The WritePass Journal

Climate Change is the Biggest Global Health Threat of the 21st Century. Introduction Climate Change is the Biggest Global Health Threat of the 21st Century. IntroductionGlobal Implications of Climate Change.Health effects of climate changeClimate Change and Health ModelAdaptationOther Strategies and InterventionsConclusionRelated Introduction Climate change is one of the major environmental threats facing the world today. It is referred to as â€Å"any distinct change in measures of climatic condition that could last for a long period of time such as major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow or wind patterns lasting for a decade or longer† (Allen, 2010). Over the past century, there has been a continuous rise in the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and other green gases (Frumkin et al, 2008) as well as the earth’s surface being warmed by more than 0.8 °C and by approximately 0.6 °C in the past three decades (NASA, 2007). It has been estimated that by the year 2100, the world’s mean temperature will increase by an additional 1.8 to 4.0 °C, sea levels from 0.18 to 0.59m   and a significant increase in weather variability (Solomon et al., 2007). The warming of the earth’s surface has brought about severe weather conditions such as torrential rains and flooding, droughts and storm s which are as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels which are rich in carbon and combine with oxygen in the atmosphere to release carbon dioxide that traps heat in the atmosphere (Change, 2007).   The annual emissions of CO2 and GHG have increased by 80% and 70% respectively between 1970 and 2004 (Allen, 2010). Deforestation is another human activity that has brought about the continuous change in climatic conditions (Change, 2007). Global Implications of Climate Change. It has been estimated that by the year 2015, Global Millennium Development Goals and the assurance of a safe and sustainable future will be harder to obtain due to the changes in the climate (Allen, 2010). Instances of natural disasters that have happened recently are shown below: The first hurricane ever recorded in the southern Atlantic Ocean in Brazil in 2004 and the Cyclone Nargis which raised a tidal wall 12feet high and forty kilometres long that slammed into Myanmar (Burma) in 2008 are examples of the fact that the earth is changing fast (Epstein et al, 2011 ).   In 2003, a heat wave melted 10 percent of the ice in Alps and killed more than fifty two thousand people. One thousand people were killed as a result of a drenching rain in Mumbai which also contaminated water supplies and sickened hundreds. This has led to the spread of â€Å"malaria-carrying mosquitoes, the disappearance of mountain glaciers which threatens drinking water supplies on five continents and at least 150,000 additional deaths recorded worldwide each year as well as five million years of healthy life lost to disability† (Epstein et al, 2011). Health effects of climate change Climate change affects health in several ways namely: continuous change in disease and mortality patterns, severe weather events, food and water contamination, heat wave, melting permafrost and threats to housing and public infrastructure (Costello et al., 2009, Healey et al, 2011). The major factors affecting human health are â€Å"social, political, economic, environmental and technological factors as well as urbanization, affluence, scientific developments, individual behaviour and vulnerability in terms of genetic make up, nutritional status, emotional well being, age gender and economic status† (Allen, 2010). Other potential health effects of climate change include respiratory and cardiovascular disease related to worsening air pollution, infectious diseases related to changes in vector biology, water and food contamination, nutritional shortages related to changes in food production, allergic symptoms related to increased allergen production (Heinz and Patz, 2004, Heinz et al, 2006). The way pests, parasites and pathogens affect wildlife, livestock, agriculture, forests and coastal marine organisms can also alter ecosystem composition and functions, and changes in these life support systems carry implications for human health† (Epstein, 2005). The adverse health effects of climate change will also bring about migration from flooded and inhospitable places which will encourage population growth, thereby, resulting in â€Å"increased pressure and competition for scarce resources, such as food, water and shelter† (Costello et al., 2009).   The demand for more food production will give rise â€Å"to high land loss and as a result bring about industrialization, urbanisation, sea level rises and increased flooding† (Costello et al., 2009). Figure 1 summarises the major pathways through which population health can be affected by climate change. The right hand boxes show an increase in complexity of causal process where the likelihood that health effects may be deferred or protracted while the middle boxes show the main climatic-environmental manifestations of climate change (McMichael et al., 2006). Climate Change and Health Model The effect of climate change will be greatest on countries that have made little or no contribution to its cause and those with little resources. The implementation of mitigation and adaptation helps to reduce inequity caused by negative effects on social determinants of health in the poorest countries (Costello et al., 2009). Mitigation can be described as the true prevention/intervention to lessen adverse health effects (McMichael et al., 2006). One of the most important factors in mitigating the effects of climate change on health is to bring to focus the past, present and the future events which have contributed to the transition of land, environment and the way of life of people (Healey et al, 2011).   To avoid dangerous climate change, mitigation is required to â€Å"reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon biosequestration through reforestation and improved agricultural practices as well as to ensure a rapid, sustained and effective coordination of global and regional action† (Costello et al., 2009). Adaptation Climate change adaptation is required for an improved coordination and accountability of global governance. Climate change health effects can be managed when all sectors of government, civil society and academic disciplines work together to get to an expected end. It is crucial that the local communities get involved in monitoring, discussing, advocating and assisting with the process of adaptation (Costello et al, 2009). Local action is required for the prevention of local flooding and global action to make funds available as well as the needed cooperation of government and international agencies to reduce health inequalities in communities (Costello et al, 2009). Some examples of adaptation measures to climate change are shown in table 1. Table 1: Some examples of adaptation measures to climate change. (Sourced from Bulto et al, 2006) Adaptation options Current activities Future activities Strengthening primary health care and the public health system Specific health promotion and preventive programs designed to reduce population vulnerability. Educational programs of environmental risks, including climate change and their effects on human health. Continuous development of health promotion and preventive programs, increasing community participation on health issues, increasing the participation of local governments and other sectors in developing the best conditions of life. Measures to improve health surveillance systems Providing forecasts of the main climate-sensitive diseases to all levels of the National Public Health System increase number of early warning systems to predict epidemics. Continuous research to improve forecast models using the necessary indices. Incorporating new diseases and risk factors in the forecast models. Decreasing uncertainty through improved data and research on climate, epidemic, ecologic and social variables. Immunization programs, especially   for high-risk groups Maintaining the current vaccination program and prioritizing new programs. Enhancing vaccination programs immunization program and develop a prevention program for diseases. Improve sanitary conditions Developing responses to increased sanitary demands in all fields (communal, drinking water, garbage, sewage, food, and others). Maintaining contingency plans. Developing educational programs about environmental care with the participation of the community, government, and all sectors. Increasing environment care projects. Improving contingency care projects. Educational programs on radio and TV and newspapers Develop educational programs on the health risks associated with climate change   Implementing new programs on climate-health associations and communicate results to the population, governments and others. Exchange information with international researchers working on climate change and health issues Participate in international meetings. Develop new projects with participation from other countries. Other Strategies and Interventions Public health services are very essential for reducing the challenges brought about by climate change. The services can help to â€Å"monitor the health status of the community, investigate and diagnose health problems and hazards, inform and educate people regarding health issues, mobilize partnerships to solve community problems, support policies and plans to achieve health goals, enforce laws and regulations to protect health and safety, connect people to required personal health services, ensure a skilled, competent workforce, evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of health services, research and apply innovative solutions† (Allen, 2010). The health and well being of humans can be increased by developing a variety of strategies for coping with climate change and reversing its ill effects such as recycling materials. These would greatly help to improve personal choices, enhance sustainability, discourage waste and clean up communities (Healey et al, 2011). Another strategy is to create awareness about the effects of climate change by ensuring individuals are educated and well informed as well as engaging people in political action to strengthen communication and ensure more equitable access to facilities (Healey et al, 2011). Interventions put in place to reduce the declination of global freshwater resources caused by rising rates of water extraction and contamination are to scale up water and sanitation services which would help to reduce infectious diseases and   avoid the health impacts of decreasing water supplies. Community participation and social mobilization are needed for addressing health concerns and creating healthy environments. The public health community needs a realistic preventive strategy to make sure healthy environments are maintained and developed from local to global needs as well as a sustainable development and protection of ecosystem services which are very important for human health (WHO, 2005). Conclusion In conclusion, climate change should be addressed as an integral part of the big challenge towards a sustainable development. This can be achieved by encouraging communities to get more involved in working towards actualizing change at multiple and socio-ecological levels (Healey et al, 2011).   Further attention needs to be placed on this issue by the government as well as the maintenance of public health infrastructure by providing adequate funds for environmental and chronic disease surveillance systems and a well trained work force (English et al, 2009).

Feasibility study of Saints Construction expand to Germany 05162 Essay - 1

Feasibility study of Saints Construction expand to Germany 05162 - Essay Example It is anticipated by the company that the Belfast site would soon be closed down. The company has selected the U.S, Germany and China as potential nations for such expansion. The current paper analyses the potential sites and assess the various feasibility factors and human resources aspects associated with the chosen site. Strengths- Since the political and the legal environment existing in the U.S is well organized, the regulations established in respect of protecting the rights of workers are well implemented and requires to be strictly followed by organizations. The U.S HRM (human resource management) policies and labour markets are well organized. Wages are regulated to meet the purchasing power existing in the market. HRM policies established in most companies of the U.S takes into consideration aspects such as adequate power distance, frequent performance monitoring and strict industry guided payment measures. Decentralization and increased market expansion have led to the availability of greater job opportunities. Workers of the U.S are highly skilled and technologically efficient, making the same quite expensive as compared with other nations. Also the localization effect existing in the U.S is dominant. This means that firms who chose to expand into the U.S must radically incorporate the cond itions existing in the nation rather than following the parent nation regulations (Erickson, 1996). Weaknesses- Implementations of regulations in the labour markets are not effective in few of the economic sectors such as the construction and production industrial segments. Although the standards of living of the general workers have enhanced, unemployment still persists. From the social point of view the U.S faces the challenge of labour shortage. An ageing population is the main crux of the issue of lack of labour availability. Culturally, the mindset of the people is quite liberal, however a number of cases associated with